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Technical Papers

102. TORSIONAL CONTROL OF TWO ADJACENT OFFICE BUILDINGS USING VISCOUS DAMPERS

Two adjacent wings of a three story office building in Southern California were found by analysis to be excessively responsive in torsion under an earthquake on the near-by Newport-Inglewood fault, some five miles from the site. The generous 4.5" seismic separation between the two office building segments was found to be inadequate to prevent heavy pounding even in a moderate event, having a high probability of occurrence at this location. A variety of structural retrofit schemes were evaluated to mitigate the excessive torsional responses of the two building segments. These included converting the perimeter gravity frames to moment resisting frames, adding diagonal bracing to the perimeter frames, tying the two structures together at each floor level, and using viscous dampers as attachments between the buildings. The best solution from a cost, schedule, construction disruption, and earthquake performance standpoint, turned out to be joining the two building segments with horizontally oriented viscous dampers at a single floor level. This paper describes the analysis and retrofit solution that was used, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the retrofit options studied.

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17. San Bernardino County Medical Center replacement Project Technical Specifications

This specification covers the set of 186 fluid viscous dampers used on the five buildings of the new San Bernardino County Medical Center located in Colton, California. Three major faults are close to this location. The dampers operate in parallel with elastomeric base isolators, and reduce the required isolator stroke from +/- 48 inches to +/- 22 inches. This specification is very detailed and includes testing requirements.

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18. Seismic Control of Structures with Damped Resonant Appendages

This paper shows how Tuned Mass Dampers can provide seismic protection for structures. These dampers consist of a relatively small mass, a spring, and a dashpot attached to a point of maximum vibration and in resonance with the structure to which they are attached. They are widely used to control the response of buildings, bridges, towers, chimneys and other structures to wind forces, machine vibrations and occupant activity. For the most part however, these dampers have been considered ineffective to reduce the seismic response of structures. This paper demonstrates that such devices can be used effectively to control the seismic response of structures. The paper presents a basic mechanism that explains under what conditions such dampers may work effectively under earthquake loads. It also provides recommendations for the selection of the mass, stiffness and damping factors. It includes the results of a series of numerical and experimental tests which verify that properly designed Tuned Mass Dampers effectively and consistently reduce the response of many types of structural systems to various types of earthquake excitations.

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19. Seismic Damage Control with Passive Energy Devices: A Case Study

This paper presents a theoretical case study of the effectiveness of supplemental passive damping to reduce structural response to seismic excitation. A six story special moment resistant reinforced concrete frame is studied with and without the aid of supplemental dampers. Response predictions are presented for each case. Fluid dampers proved to be a very cost effective way to significantly reduce the seismic response of the building investigated. Preliminary cost estimates indicate that positive damage control can be economically achieved.

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20. Seismic Isolation of Bridges

This unpublished paper by Dr. Michael Constaninou describes the seismic protection of a steel multi-girder highway bridge. Three types of base isolators are included; high damping rubber, lead-rubber and Friction Pendulum. The effect of added viscous damping is also investigated, and is found to greatly enhance the performance of the isolators, even though the dampers required are rather small. This classic paper is hand written by Dr. Constantinou and includes his calculations and his sketches of the bridge, isolation devices and dampers.

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